On Rhetoric, or the Art of Eloquence, by Francis Bacon

On Rhetoric, or the Art of Eloquence, by Francis Bacon Father of the logical strategy and the principal significant English writer, Francis Bacon distributed Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Human in 1605. This philosophical treatise, proposed as a prologue to an all encompassing examination that was rarely finished, is isolated into two sections: the initial segment comprehensively thinks about the excellency of learning and information; the second spotlights on the specific demonstrations and works . . . which have been grasped and attempted for the progression of learning. Section 18 of the second piece of The Advancement of Learning offers a resistance of talk, whose obligation and office, he says, is to apply motivation to creative mind for the better moving of the will. As indicated by Thomas H. Conley, Bacons thought of talk appears to be novel, yet what Bacon needs to state about talk . . . isn't as novel as it has now and again been spoken to, anyway intriguing it may be something else (Rhetoric in the European Tradition, 1990). On Rhetoric, or the Art of Eloquence* from The Advancement of Learning by Francis Bacon 1 Now we plummet to that part which concerneth the delineation of convention, appreciated in that science which we call talk, or specialty of expressiveness; a science astounding, and magnificently very much toiled. For despite the fact that in obvious worth it is mediocre compared to shrewdness, as it is said by God to Moses, when he handicapped himself for need of this workforce, Aaron will be thy speaker, and thou shalt be to him as God; yet with individuals it is the more powerful: for so Salomon saith, Sapiens corde appellabitur prudens, sed dulcis eloquio major a reperiet1; implying that significance of knowledge will push a man to a name or reverence, yet that it is expressiveness that prevaileth in a functioning life. What's more, regarding its working, the copying of Aristotle with the rhetoricians of his time, and the experience of Cicero, hath caused them in their works of talking points to surpass themselves. Once more, the excellency of instances of expressiveness in the speeches of Demosthenes and Cicero, added to the flawlessness of the statutes of expert articulation, hath multiplied the movement in this workmanship; and along these lines the deficiences which I will note will rather be in certain assortments, which may as handmaids go to the craftsmanship, than in the principles or utilization of the workmanship itself. 2 Notwithstanding, to mix the earth a little about the underlying foundations of this science, as we have done of the rest; the obligation and office of talk is to apply motivation to creative mind for the better moving of the will. For we see reason is upset in the organization thereof by three methods; by illaqueation2 or misconception, which relates to rationale; by creative mind or impression, which relates to talk; and by energy or love, which relates to ethical quality. Also, as in arrangement with others, men are fashioned by tricky, by urgency, and by intensity; so in this exchange inside ourselves, men are subverted by inconsequences, requested and implored by impressions or perceptions, and shipped by interests. Nor is the idea of man so sadly worked, as that those forces and expressions ought to have power to upset explanation, and not to build up and advance it. For the finish of rationale is to show a type of contention to make sure about explanation, and not to entangle it. The finish of ethical quality is to secure the expressions of love to obey reason, and not to attack it. The finish of talk is to fill the creative mind to second explanation, and not to persecute it: for these maltreatment of expressions come in however ex obliquo3, for alert. 3 And subsequently it was incredible shamefulness in Plato, however springing out of an only scorn to the rhetoricians of his time, to regard of talk yet as a voluptuary workmanship, taking after it to cookery, that marred healthy meats, and help unwholesome by assortment of sauces to the joy of the taste. For we see that discourse is considerably more familiar with decorating what is acceptable, than in shading what is malicious; for there is no man however speaketh more sincerely than he can do or think: and it was brilliantly noted by Thucydides in Cleon, that since he used to hang on the awful side in reasons for domain, in this manner he was ever denouncing against expert articulation and great discourse; realizing that no man can talk reasonable of courses shameful and base. Furthermore, in this manner as Plato said exquisitely, That righteousness, in the event that she could be seen, would move extraordinary love and love; so observing that she can't be appeared to the sense b y corporal shape, the following degree is to demonstrate her to the creative mind in vivacious portrayal: for to demonstrate her to reason just in nuance of contention was a thing at any point mocked in Chrysippus4 and a significant number of the Stoics, who thought to push temperance upon men by sharp controversies and ends, which have no compassion for the desire of man. 4 Again, if the expressions of love in themselves were flexible and faithful to reason, it were valid there ought to be no incredible utilization of influences and implications to the will, more than of bare recommendation and evidences; however in respect of the persistent rebellions and seditions of the expressions of love, Video meliora, proboque,Deteriora sequor, 5 reason would get hostage and servile, if expert articulation of influences didn't practice and win the creative mind from the expressions of love part, and agreement an alliance between the explanation and creative mind against the expressions of love; for the expressions of love themselves convey ever a hunger to great, as reason doth. The thing that matters is, that the warmth beholdeth only the present; reason beholdeth the future and aggregate of time. What's more, in this way the current filling the creative mind more, reason is ordinarily vanquished; however after that power of expert articulation and influence hath caused things future and remote to show up as present, at that point upon the revolt of the creative mind reason prevaileth. 1 The savvy hearted is called observing, yet one whose discourse is sweet picks up insight (Proverbs 16:21).2 The demonstration of getting or ensnaring in a catch, in this way entangling in an argument.3 indirectly4 Stoic scholar in Greece, third century BC5 I see and support the better things yet follow the more regrettable (Ovid, Metamorphoses, VII, 20). Closed on page 2*This content has been taken from the 1605 release of The Advancement of Learning, with spelling modernized by editorial manager William Aldis Wright (Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1873). 5 We close hence that talk can be not any more accused of the shading of the more regrettable part, than rationale with fallacy, or ethical quality with bad habit. For we know the principles of contraries are the equivalent, however the utilization be inverse. It appeareth likewise that rationale differeth from talk, not just as the clench hand from the palm, the one close, the other everywhere; except significantly more in this, that rationale handleth reason precise and in truth, and talk handleth it as it is planted in prevalent attitudes and habits. What's more, along these lines Aristotle doth astutely place talk as between rationale on the one side, and good or common information on the other, as partaking of both: for the confirmations and exhibits of rationale are toward all men impassive and the equivalent; yet the verifications and influences of talk should vary as per the evaluators: Orpheus in sylvis, entomb delphinas Arion 1 Which application, in flawlessness of thought, should expand up until now, that if a man ought to talk about something very similar to a few people, he ought to address them all individually and a few different ways: however this politic piece of expressiveness in private discourse it is simple for the best speakers to need: while, by the watching their all around graced types of discourse, they leese2 the volubility of use: and subsequently it will not be out of order to prescribe this to better request, not being interested whether we place it here, or in that part which concerneth policy.â 6 Now in this manner will I drop to the deficiences, which (as I said) are nevertheless attendances: and first, I don't discover the insight and ingenuity of Aristotle all around sought after, who started to make an assortment of the famous signs and shades of good and shrewd, both basic and near, which are as the misconceptions of talk (as I contacted previously). For example:â Sophisma.Quod laudatur, bonum: quod vituperatur, malum.Redargutio.Laudat venales qui vult extrudere merces. 3 Malum est, malum est (inquit emptor); sed cum recesserit, tum gloriabitur!4 The imperfections in the work of Aristotle are three: one, that there be nevertheless a couple of many; another, that their elenches5 are not attached; and the third, that he imagined however a piece of the utilization of them: for their utilization isn't just in probation, yet substantially more in impression. For some, structures are equivalent in connotation which are contrasting in impression; as the thing that matters is incredible in the puncturing of that which is sharp and that which is level, however the quality of the percussion be the equivalent. For there is no man yet will be somewhat more raised by hearing it stated, Your adversaries will be happy of this, Hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridae, 6 than by hearing it said just, This is detestable for you.â 7 Secondly, I do continue additionally that which I referenced previously, contacting arrangement or preliminary store for the furniture of discourse and status of development, which appeareth to be of two sorts; the one in likeness to a shop of pieces unmade up, the other to a shop of things instant up; both to be applied to that which is visit and most in demand. The previous of these I will call antitheta, and the last formulae.â 8 Antitheta are theories contended ace et contra7; wherein men might be all the more enormous and arduous: however (in, for example, can do it) to maintain a strategic distance from prolixity of section, I want the seeds of the few contentions to be thrown up into some concise and intense sentences, not to be refered to, yet to be as skeins or bottoms of string, to be unwinded everywhere when they come to be utilized; providing specialists and models by reference. Star verbis legis.Non est interpretatio se

Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring Essay

All through time, American mentalities towards the significance of the earth have decreased. American ranchers have started to utilize harms, for example, parathion, which has started executing animals and people. Rachel Carson, a prominent scholar, distributed her novel Silent Spring in 1962, wherein she represents the requirement for American mentalities towards the earth expecting to change, through comprehension â€Å"plain folks†, a denouncing tone, and engaging symbolism. Rachel Carson gives instances of justifiable â€Å"plain folks† to communicate her contention to the peruser. It was said that, â€Å"†¦In California plantations showered this equivalent parathion, laborers taking care of foliage that had been dealt with a month sooner crumbled and went into stun, and got away from death just through talented clinical attention.† She at that point proceeds to ask, â€Å"Does Indiana despite everything raise any young men who meander through woods or fields and may even investigate the edges of a river?†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These particular models represent the amount Americans don't see that they are making torment one another, and in extreme cases causing demise. Rachel Carson, in delineating her point that American mentalities toward the earth need to change, blames American ranchers who are utilizing parathion and different toxic substances, which are the reason for death to people and fowls which carrying mischief to the earth. What Rachel Carson is attempting to get Americans, particularly American ranchers, to see is that so as to stop all the executing and damage to nature, and to one another, they have to stop the utilization of parathion and different toxins. Rachel Carson utilizes a denouncing tone to communicate her emotions towards her contention that Americans don't stress over the earth enough. All through the choice, Carson shifts based on what is befalling the dark feathered creatures, to what is befalling the people. Both the people and the feathered creatures are kicking the bucket because of the ranchers utilizing parathion. In the content, she says that â€Å"The Fish and Wildlife Service has thought that it was important to communicate genuine worry over this pattern, calling attention to that â€Å"parathion treated regions comprise a potential risk to people, residential animals, and wildlife.’† Following this statement, Rachel Carson proceeds to blame ranchers for the loss rundown of â€Å"some 65,000 red-winged dark feathered creatures and starlings.† Carson clarifies that, â€Å"†¦The issue could have been comprehended effectively by a slight change in rural practice.† Through this statement, Carson is charging the American, particularly American ranchers, of doing whatever it takes not to utilize rehearses other than harms, for example, parathion, to keep the flying creatures and animals out of the yields. Rachel Carson utilizes unmistakable symbolism to communicate her proceeding with solid emotions towards Americans absence of demeanor toward nature and it expecting to change. In the content, Carson makes reference to â€Å"Who settled on the choice that gets under way these chains of poisonings, this ever-enlarging wave of death that spreads out, similar to swells when a rock is dropped into a still pond?†. While this is both a comparison and a non-serious inquiry, the manner in which the writer states â€Å"†¦like swells when a rock is dropped into a still pond?† causes the peruser to have the option to envision dropping a stone into water when they were more youthful and helps them to remember what that resembled. Carson likewise portrays, â€Å"Who has set in one container of the scales the leaves that may have been eaten by the creepy crawlies and in the other the abandoned loads of many-toned quills, the dormant survives from the winged creatures that fell before the unselective club of insecticidal poisons?† While the peruser may contemplate internally; for what reason would she say she is contrasting leaves that have been eaten by scarabs and dead fowls? One can really envision setting these two things in two distinct heaps. Rachel Carson utilizes diverse expository gadgets all through her novel Silent Spring. She utilizes the explanatory gadgets to demonstrate her point that American perspectives toward the earth needs to change. She unequivocally accepts that the mentalities need to change, and she discovered numerous approaches to demonstrate her point and cause the peruser to concur with her.

Workshop in Development Practice COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Workshop in Development Practice COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Kelly Heindel is a SIPA student who recently spent her spring break focusing on her Workshop in Development Practice course. I asked Kelly to talk about the project and to share some pictures. Thanks Kelly! One of the main reasons I decided to attend SIPA was for the Workshop in Development Practice course taught during the final semester of study.   Labeling the workshop as a course is a bit misleading.   It is more of an experience.   As the student services office explains, “Officially, it is a spring-semester course for second-year masters degree students in the EPD program, but workshop activities begin in the fall semester through the course on Methods for Development Practice.” After gaining a firm understanding of the current methods and theories for development, students are placed in consulting teams of 4-6 people and assigned a client.   Clients are typically UN agencies, NGOs, or private firms working on corporate social responsibility projects.   The client chooses an assignment for the team that can include, evaluation of ongoing organizational activities, designing a monitoring and evaluation system for a current project, recommendations for improvement or sustainability of a development initiative, and many more. My team’s client is the International Institute for Rural Reconstruction (IIRR).   IIRR uses a participatory development approach or “people-centered method” by working directly with local NGOs to build the capacity of communities to overcome challenges such as poverty and natural disasters.   One of their newest initiatives has been a community managed disaster risk reduction project on Nias Island in Indonesia.   Nias Island was greatly affected by the tsunami and earthquake in 2004 and 2005, and is still trying to rebuild physically but also economically. Over 80 UN agencies and other NGOs descended upon the island after the disasters, but most have since left.   IIRR is attempting to fill this gap by helping a local NGO, Caritas Keuskupan Sibolga (CKS), build the capacity of local communities to reduce their vulnerability to disasters through environmental management, livelihood generation, and community organizational activities. Our consulting team is conducting an independent evaluation of this project to determine the effectiveness and relevance of this approach on Nias Island.   The evaluation is a semester long project and includes a total of four weeks of field research where we conducted surveys, focus groups, and interviews with the local staff and beneficiaries of the project to inform our evaluation and subsequent recommendations. At the end of the semester we will present our findings to IIRR’s executive board and also to faculty and students at SIPA.   Being able to take classroom teachings directly out into the field is really a unique experience.   While stressful at times, the workshop has been extremely rewarding and has assisted in shaping my career goals.

Renal Three Types Of Renal Glycosuria - 1261 Words

Renal glucosuria, or renal glycosuria, is a condition in which the kidney expels glucose out of the body through urination regardless of normal or low blood glucose levels. Under normal circumstances, kidneys that are functioning properly will reabsorb the glucose that is present in the blood that is filtered by the kidneys. If the kidney is functioning properly, sugar is only eliminated when there are excess of glucose in the bloodstream, a condition known as hyperglycemia. Renal glycosuria is rare in occurrence, and in most cases is benign. There are three types of renal glycosuria: Type A, Type B, and Type O. Type A renal glycosuria is characterized by low threshold for glucose by the kidneys and its impaired ability to reabsorb†¦show more content†¦It is speculated that other genes might be involved and external environmental factors may have influence as well. The reason behind the speculation is that scientists have been inconclusive in determining whether the gene is a recessive trait, dominant, or codominant. It is mostly known to be autosomal recessive trait, but certain cases of renal glycosuria demonstrated characteristics that best fit under co-dominance with incomplete penetrance (Lee, 2013). The hypothesis that other genes or external factors are involved in the exhibition of renal glycosuria best explains the discrepancy in the amount of glucose present and the frequency of glucosuria. Renal glycosuria can occur in both males and females. It does not appear more frequently in one race or ethnicity than it does in another. In fact, it has been observed in other mammals as well. Okapis (a mammal indigenous to Central Africa) with renal glycosuria have been studied extensively regarding their diet, stress, and pregnancy (Vercammen 2014). The study concluded that diet and stress had minimal impacts, if any, on renal glycosuria. During pregnancy of one of the okapis, the pregnant okapi expelled lower amounts of glucose in her urine. The reaso n for reduced glucose levels in the urine during pregnancy is that the okapi needed to absorb more glucose to sustain the extra energy needed toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Chronic Renal Failure830 Words   |  4 Pagesto Marshall and Bangert (2008), the kidneys have three major functions: firstly, the kidneys excrete waste from plasma in the blood. Secondly, they maintain extracellular fluid volume and composition. Lastly, the kidneys play a role in hormone synthesis. There are many diseases that might infect the kidneys and affect their functioning. One of these diseases is renal failure (kidney failure), a dangerous disorder. Stein (2002) defines renal failure as a condition in which the kidneys are lessRead MoreHow Glucagon Is The Other Hormone Produced By The Islets Of Langerhans905 Words   |  4 Pagesof glycogen are depleted, the body will go into ketosis. 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Prehaps if Victoria was offeredRead MoreIntegrative Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus1042 Words   |  5 Pageslarger amounts of insulin until it can no longer meet the body’s demands fo r insulin, and then causes a rise in the body’s blood glucose levels (Stoppler, 2014). This is what caused type 2 diabetes (Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes). Most people aren’t aware that they have insulin resistance until it develops into type 2 diabetes (Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes). Kussmaul respiration is the act of rapid, deep, and laboured breathing, which is often referred to as air hunger. This is characteristicRead MoreTest Tests And Its Effect On A Patient Of A Wide Range Of Disorders, Diseases, And Conditions827 Words   |  4 PagesUrinalysis is a test done on urine in order to diagnose a patient of a wide range of disorders, diseases, and conditions. There are several urinalysis test such as pH, ketones, specific gravity and glucose to name a few. 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Both types result in the inability to use blood glucose for energy, either the pancreas does notRead MoreThe Common Types Of Diabetes Mellitus Essay2400 Words   |  10 Pagesnot curable and can affect the body, lifestyle and social interactions for the patient. If not controlled this condition can lead to major organ damage and death. The most common types of diabetes mellitus are type one immune medicated diabetes mellitus (IMDM) and accounts for 10% of the Australian population. Type two non-insulin dependent diabetes which is considered as lifestyle induced and accounts for 85% of Australians (Diabets Australia, 2015). Medical professionals are also diagnosing a

Analysis Of The Play Antigone - 1117 Words

In the reading Siddartha, the protagonist, Siddartha, is a man who comes to the realization that he is lacking in life and that the materialistic treasures of the world, such as power, wealth, and sex, do not satisfy him anymore. He then embarks on a long journey to fill the void inside of him and search for the enlightenment that he craves. Before he experiences his awakening, he faces many obstacles and fights many battles between his internal values and the values of the world. Likewise, the play Antigone is the story of a tragic hero who defies the rules of her society in order to do what she feels is morally just. She is eventually charged with treason and sentenced to death by the society because of her act of heroism. It is made†¦show more content†¦It had to be found, the pristine source in one s own self, it had to be possessed! Everything else was searching, was a detour, was getting lost† (Hesse 5). These thoughts that were running through Siddartha’s mind clearly demonstrates how much he disagrees with his family’s ways. The sheer thought of Siddartha following in his father’s footsteps brings him immense dissatisfaction. Even though his father is a noble and good man, Siddartha believes that his father lacks what he is ultimately searching for, enlightenment. Siddhartha experiences multiple instances of conflict between his search for truth and traditional social structure and addresses it by seeking out new experiences. This is displayed when Siddartha is leaving the Brahmins and says, â€Å"But there is one thing that the so clear, so vulnerable Teaching does not contain: it does not contain the secret of what the Sublime One himself has experienced, he alone among the hundreds of thousands. That is what I thought and realized when I heard the Teaching. That is why I am resuming my wandering – not to seek a different, a better teaching, for I know that there is none; but to leave all teachings and all teachers and to reach my goal alone or die† (Hesse 32). Here, Siddartha is explaining that his method of achieving enlightenment is different from the standards of his people. The Brahmins maintain the culture and method of having a teacher who isShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Play Antigone 933 Words   |  4 Pageswhom th ey worshiped. In the play Antigone by Sophocles, the audience is exposed to the roles of men and women in an ancient Greece society known as Thebes. Although ancient Greece was a male-dominant society where women had as much freedom as a slave, Sophocles’ main character in the play, Antigone, is an example of a brave, strong-minded woman who goes against the limitations that were unfairly set upon women during that time to do what she believes is right. 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During these days, men were dominant and held all of the power, so women were automatically treated as less. Antigone and Creon portray the conflicting sides between male and female, and Ismene and Haemon portray opposing sides to Antigone and Creon’s actions. Antigone, Ismene, C reon, and Haemon each show differencesRead MoreAnalysis And Comparison Of Ophelia And Antigone1485 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis and Comparison of Ophelia and Antigone Analysis of Antigone Antigone s story begins in the middle of things as the audience is expected to be aware of her background. Antigone firmly believed that she and her sister were the final victims of a curse that was placed upon their family long ago. The rest of her family members had already paid the price of the evil, and it was, therefore, their destiny to die as well. 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In addition, Antigone was also one of the most famous tragedies ever to be written. The setting of the play is set in front of the Palace, Thebes, and Ancient Greece. Though most Greek playwrights were from Athens, their plays are hardlyRead MorePathos In Antigone978 Words   |  4 PagesAntigone and Aristotle’s definition of tragedy The beauty of tragedy is its ability to capture the audience and evoke a particular emotion in it. Tragedy, as Aristotle defines it, â€Å"accomplish[es] by means of pity and fear the cleansing [katharsis] of these states of feeling† (Poetics 1449b 27-28). Aristotle claims that tragedy offers some certain value for the audience – a social and psychological value – through the empathy it sets in place for the audience. Sophocles’ tragic play, Antigone, isRead MoreAntigone Character Analysis1422 Words   |  6 Pages Antigone, the final play in a series including Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, discusses the ideas of leadership, family, and choices. It features two central characters: Antigone, a girl who chooses to illegally bury her brother, and Creon, a king who decrees the burial of the brother to be illegal. Upon the first encounter of the text, it appears that Antigone is the â€Å"hero† of the play, but on further analysis, one realizes that the tra gic hero, as defined by Aristotle, is actually Creon. The idea

The Drugging of our Children Free Essays

Dr. James Schaller of the Medical College of Pennsylvania (Life Script; James Louis Schaller, MD) believes that one must rule everything out first and then see the actual problem before considering edication. It is common in this day and age for people to accuse the hyperactive child of their parents not knowing how to raise or control them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Drugging of our Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dr. Michael D. Fraser states that parenting style is not a cause of ADD and ADHD but that it’s hereditary and can even have to do with things like low birth weight, diet, and allergies. Needleman stated that, â€Å"It has also been claimed that exposure to lead can cause delinquent behavior in children†. The number one symptom of ADD or ADHD is â€Å"Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat†, stated by Peter Breggin, MD. Null only gets facts and stories from people that have been negatively affected by the use of psychotropic medications and doctors that are against the use of them. The audience is only able to wrap the mind around tragic situations that’ll lead to agreement with the argument presented. It was observed that as children got older, school shootings became more common. The cause of this was claimed to be that into this answering their own questions like â€Å"Weren’t guns easy to access in the 1950’s and 1960’s? † In fact, yes, it was Just as easy, if not easier for children to get heir hands on guns then also. Physicians looked further into the children committing these acts. Miguel Humara, Ph. D states that, â€Å"The most effective form of treatment for ADD and ADHD are cognitive behavioral therapy, and psychotropic medication†. All of the children featured in the film had a history of being on some sort of psychotropic medication, the most common being Ritalin. These drugs are most commonly meant for people ages eighteen years or older, but doctors were being lazy and Just prescribing these drugs to small children also. Comparing an eighteen ear old on Ritalin to a seven year old on it, they had different side effects. While the eighteen year old was experiencing headache and vomiting, the seven year old was hallucinating and unconsciously doing violent acts. Obvious to viewers that these had long term consequences to younger aged children. This information makes sense and is valid from people with first-hand experience, but what about the people with no horrendous side effects? What about the doctors that do rule out everything before trying out medicine? These things should have also been addressed throughout the film for accurate accusation. The argument is strong and makes the audience think about medicating young children and is definitely persuasive in making them agree. This argument makes the audience think more in depth of the side effects of medication on young children in both their short term and long term effects. Null, throughout the entire film, speaks to the audience through the credibility of doctors, educators, and parents that have lived through experiences. This is an effective way to grab the attention of the audience with real life stories of victims. It makes the audience feel as if they know the victim and can have sympathy or their experience and therefore be able to agree with the argument, making the argument effective. In reality, young children are going to be a bit hyper and squirmy in their childhood and shouldn’t be look at as diseased or troubled. They need time to grow up and understand acceptable behavior. Though teachers and parents quickly make the assumption that there is something wrong, doctors need to be the ones to make the ultimate decision. Therefore, drugging of young children is the result of self- diagnoses, teacher diagnoses, and lack of medical attention and care for those with ADD and ADHD. How to cite The Drugging of our Children, Papers

Organizational Strategies and Effectiveness-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Culture and Values on Organizational Behavior. Answer: Impact of culture and values on organizational behavior Culture refers to the behavioral norms created by the society. A person is highly influenced by the culture in which they live. Culture in an organization refers to the shares the beliefs, assumptions and values that how the company will govern its activities in the organization. The organization culture provides set of standards and boundaries which helps the company to stick to their goals along with exploring their capabilities as well. A good organizational culture includes emphasis on teamwork, results, initiation of innovation etc. In the culture, values and behavior of internal process makes it more unique and identified in the target market. The culture helps the organization in process of civilization and systematic workflow in organization. The essay explains about the impact of value and culture on the activities of the organization; resulting it to initiate efficiency and positive growth in the market. The culture of the organization is also driven by various dimensions w hich are explained below: Value refers to an individuals perception towards a particular thing. Values under an individual include attributes like, freedom, pleasure, honesty, obedience etc. It refers to the ethics of treating actions etc. In terms of marketing value refers to the difference between customers perception towards benefits attainted and the cost of the product. The report states the relation between culture and values; along with the consequence of different value system in different cultures which affect the organizational behavior (Zheng, Yang, McLean, 2010). Now a days businesses have adapted interest in the culture and values of business process. In terms of business culture refers to the adaptions and attributes which differentiate two groups from each other. In another terms culture is also explained as the principles inherited by the firm to execute its business in day to day activities. This forms a behavior resulting to culture of the organization. Perhaps it can be said that culture includes repetitive behavior of organization or individual. Further behavior is driven by three forces which are: Human Nature: Nature is inherited in a person and shared by all the human cultures universally. Also nature of a person depends upon the surroundings in which they exist. Culture: culture is a process which is collectively programmed by all the natural and artificial resources. Culture is learned, understood and then adapted within time. Personality: it refers to the component which is an additional set of unique features present in the being which is not shared or similar to anybody else. Personality is partly inherited and partially taught (Guest, 2011). The above three factors explain the factors present in the behavior of the organization, but the organizational behavior is a wide concept depending upon various dimension. In terms of an organization corporates values are the values which are inherited in an organization which also represents the culture of the organization. Values in an organization help the company in setting up goal and aligning to the objectives of the organization. The core value of an organization helps the company to stay in focus and initiate activities concerning the organizational behavior. Both culture and values are the ethical implication of rules in an organization which are interlinked. The basic relationship between culture ad values of an organization is that culture is environment of the society under which the companies sustain. Also culture is the ongoing process prevailing in the environment. And in relation to culture, values refer to the morale of the organization on the basis of which they wi ll hold their business activity.. Some of the values which a company shall have in a good culture are integrity, customer focus, confidentiality, qualitative efficiency etc. A company will adapt such efficiencies only when the culture in which the organization is prevailing includes aforementioned features. So it can be said that the behavior and the values which an organization are inherited from the culture only. Also if an organization changes its values and belief then subsequently either that organization will part of another culture or that behavioral change will slowly become a part of the culture as well. The management of the organization is highly influenced by the organizational behavior and responses. Thus it shall be noted that the organizational behavior shall be positive towards adapting managerial changes. Organizations prevailing in a same culture have almost same organizational beliefs and values. Culture needs to shift with time in order to maintain and make sure that the interests of the customers are aligned. Success of a business also depends upon the type of culture under which the company exits. Like, there is a culture which evolves slowly then the growth of the company will also take time to grow. Similar, if there is cut throat competition in the culture then the companies need to upgrade their values in such a way so as to survive in the business environment. Thus it can be said culture and values both are interlinked and interdependent process (Linnenluecke, Griffiths, 2010). The culture and values influence the organizational behavior and activities as well. Basically the type of work which the business is going to conduct depends upon the values and standards created by business only. Performance of an organization refers to the degree of achievement of mission of the organization. Efficient performance of the organization does not mean that the organization is working efficiently instead there can be some issue in the organizational culture and environment as well. The culture of the organization has also an emphasis on the performance of the organization. It shows that strong culture influences the employees of the company to work better and obtain the values defined by the organization. Also culture works as a social factor which is highly responsible to influence and change the behavior of employees in the organization. Also the organizational culture helps the firms to help the employees to become a part of the organization and initiate effectivene ss in the organization, further the employees helps the company to attract new trainees and retain the efficient staff (Mills, Smith, 2011). The organizational culture also helps the employees to understand the events, objects in a better way which contributes to the behavior as well. The culture enhances the performance of the organization. Keeping all the other factors constant, the culture is one of the major factors affecting the growth of the organization in the market. Also it provides sustainable aggressive advantage to the organization. When an employee joins the organization, the first thing through which they are influenced and motivated is the culture and behavioral aspect of the organization. The new joiners initiate to adopt the culture prevailing in the organization. If the culture is supportive to the caliber of the employee, the company will work well in the business environment. But if the culture contradicts with the behavior of the organization, then the growth of the company might take a downward turn. The culture of the organization also helps the company in motivating the organization towards achievi ng the goal defined to them. It totally depends upon the discretion of the culture on the basis of which the behavior of the organization is affected; resulting to which the values and objectives of the organization are achieved. The organizational culture shall be flexible and adaptable to change. Through this the company will become more efficient and responsive to change in the market. The change management of the organization will become more effective due to which the organization focus better on the satisfaction of the customers. Greater satisfaction of employee will lead the company to gain competitive advantage in the business environment. The culture of the organization also decide the reward management of the company, it is a major aspect which decides the satisfaction level of the employees of the organization. Further the culture of the organization is explained by Hofstede by defined five major dimensions which affect the organizational practices and behavior. The cultures are explained as follows: Individualism versus collectivism: individualism refers to the degree to which employees prefer to act separately rather than working as a group of members. Whereas collectivism refers to the process under which people wish to hold activities collectively in groups. Masculinity versus femininity: masculinity refs to degree of roles which are defined for the males of the society. High degree of masculinity shows that the culture has separate roles for both the male and female in the society. Whereas femininity refers to the degree under which the roles are defined in such a way that there is no gender difference among people (Beugelsdijk, Kostova, Roth, 2017). Uncertainty avoidance: it refers to the degree of culture under which there is better structured situations to analyze uncertainty. High degree under this parameter refers to the organization incompetence to take risk and manage uncertainty with the help of rules. Long term and short term orientation: in short term orientation, people accept the changes where as in long term organization look for future and value thrift. Power distance: it refers to the degree which depends upon the distribution of power in an organization. Thus, concluding the above statement it can be said that the organizational culture largely influence the behavior and performance of the organization. The culture is a variable factor depending upon various other aspects. The culture helps the organization in initiating the objective of the organization. Hence, the values and behavior of the organization and its employees depends upon the culture in which they survive. References Beugelsdijk, S., Kostova, T., Roth, K. (2017). An overview of Hofstede-inspired country-level culture research in international business since 2006. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(1), 30-47. Guest, D. E. (2011). Human resource management and performance: still searching for some answers. Human resource management journal, 21(1), 3-13. Linnenluecke, M. K., Griffiths, A. (2010). Corporate sustainability and organizational culture. Journal of world business, 45(4), 357-366. Mills, A. M., Smith, T. A. (2011). Knowledge management and organizational performance: a decomposed view. Journal of knowledge management, 15(1), 156-171. Zheng, W., Yang, B., McLean, G. N. (2010). Linking organizational culture, structure, strategy, and organizational effectiveness: Mediating role of knowledge management.